General
What is the U.S. Global Change Research Program? What does it do?
The U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) was established by Presidential initiative in 1989 and mandated by Congress in the
Global Change Research Act (GCRA) of 1990. Its mandate is to develop and coordinate “a comprehensive and integrated United States research program which will assist the Nation and the world to understand, assess, predict, and respond to human-induced and natural processes of global change.” USGCRP comprises
13 Federal agencies that conduct or use research on global change and its impacts on society.
What is the National Climate Assessment and why is it written?
Through the GCRA, USGCRP is mandated to produce a quadrennial assessment, which has become known as the National Climate Assessment (NCA). The NCA is required to a) integrate, evaluate, and interpret the findings of the Program and discuss the scientific uncertainties associated with such findings; b) analyze the effects of global change on the natural environment, agriculture, energy production and use, land and water resources, transportation, human health and welfare, human social systems, and biological diversity, and c) analyze current trends in global change, both human-induced and natural, and project major trends for the subsequent 25 to 100 years.
What about previous NCAs?
To date, three NCAs have been released. The
first NCA was published in 2000, and the
second was published in 2009. More information on these reports can be accessed
here. The third NCA,
Climate Change Impacts in the United States was published in 2014 and released in printable format and as an interactive website. The Fourth NCA (NCA4) builds on the work of these previous assessments.
Is the Climate Science Special Report just another name for the Fourth National Climate Assessment? What’s the relationship between the two reports? How are they different?
For the Third NCA (released in 2014), authors developed a large
physical science appendix. In the early planning stages for NCA4, it was decided that to best inform the impacts assessment, the physical science assessment should be completed in advance. As a result, NCA4 is being developed in two sequential volumes.
Volume I, the
Climate Science Special Report, or CSSR, was released in November 2017. The CSSR assesses the science of climate change, with a focus on the United States. It is intended to serve as the foundation for efforts to assess climate-related risks and inform decision-making about responses. The findings in CSSR are based on a large body of scientific, peer-reviewed research, as well as a number of other publicly available sources, including well-established and carefully evaluated observational and modeling datasets.
NCA4 Volume II, Impacts, Risks and Adaptation in the United States, is a technical, scientific assessment of climate change-related impacts, risks, and adaptation. It assesses a range of potential impacts, helping decision makers better identify risks that could be avoided or reduced. Like the CSSR, the findings in Volume II are based on a large body of scientific, peer-reviewed research, as well as a number of other publicly available sources, including well-established and carefully evaluated observational and modeling datasets.
Do either of the reports offer policy recommendations?
Consistent with common practice for USGCRP assessment products, both Volume I and Volume II of NCA4 are technical scientific assessments. Neither makes policy recommendations or evaluates existing or proposed policies.
NCA4 Vol. I: Climate Science Special Report
Process
Who wrote the CSSR?
CSSR is the responsibility of the
Subcommittee on Global Change Research (SGCR), which directs the activities of USGCRP. The SGCR established a Federal Science Steering Committee (SSC) to direct the CSSR project. A team of three Coordinating Lead Authors, selected by the SSC, led the report’s development. CSSR was written by a team of 32 Lead Authors, including scientists from Federal agencies, academia, and the private sector. These authors were nominated through a public process and selected by the SSC for their expertise. Contributing authors were invited to provide input on specific topics, as needed.
What was the review process?
CSSR was subjected to a rigorous, six-step review process. The Zero Order Draft was reviewed by the author team. The First and Second Order Drafts were reviewed by the SSC and SGCR, respectively. The Third Order Draft of CSSR was released for
public comment and simultaneous review by an expert panel of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in December 2016. This review resulted in a Fourth Order Draft that underwent an additional round of interagency review in May 2017. Authors responded to those comments and produced a Fifth Order Draft, which was subject to Final Federal Clearance.
How long has this report been in production?
CSSR has been in production since early 2015.
Other
Can I use this report to [teach a class, etc]?
Yes. Unless otherwise stated, all information and figures in this report are in the public domain. We just ask that you use the appropriate citation when using this document.
NCA4 Vol. II: Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States
Process
Who wrote NCA4 Vol. II?
NCA4 Vol. II is the responsibility of the Subcommittee on Global Change Research (SGCR), which directs the activities of USGCRP. The SGCR established a Federal Steering Committee to oversee the NCA4 process. NCA4 Volume II was written by more than 300 Federal and non-Federal authors representing a range of expertise, a number of whom were selected through a public call for author nominations. Technical contributors were invited to provide input on specific topics, as needed.
What was the review process?
NCA4 Vol. II underwent a rigorous, 8-step review process both internal and external to the U.S. Government: (1) Initial chapter outlines were reviewed in December 2016 by the Federal Steering Committee, and (2) a Zero Order Draft (consisting of annotated outlines) was then reviewed by the SGCR. A full First Order Draft underwent (3) a technical and editorial review by the NOAA Technical Support Unit (TSU), which resulted in a Second Order Draft that was (4) reviewed by the SGCR. The Third Order Draft of NCA4 Vol. II was released for (5) public comment and (6) simultaneous review by an expert panel of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in November 2017. This review resulted in a Fourth Order Draft for (7) final agency review and clearance in May 2018. The Federal Steering Committee ensured all final agency review comments were adequately addressed and (8) a final round of technical and editorial review was provided during summer 2018 on the Fifth Order Draft by NCA leadership and the NOAA TSU. NCA and TSU staff, as well as the authors themselves, performed a final showstopper review of chapter proofs in Autumn 2018.
How long was this report in production?
Planning for Volume II of NCA4 began shortly after the release of the Third NCA in 2014. A draft prospectus was released for public comment in the summer of 2016.
Content (General)
How does Volume II of NCA4 differ from NCA3?
Most fundamentally, the majority of the report’s focus has shifted from national-level chapters to regional chapters, in response to public demand for more localized information on climate impacts. As a result, not only do the regional chapters provide more detail, but the Great Plains chapter has been split into separate Northern and Southern Great Plains chapters, and a new chapter focusing exclusively on the U.S. Caribbean has been added. Volume II also reflects a number of advances in the science of climate change impacts and adaptation with the inclusion of new national-level chapters on Air Quality; Climate Effects on U.S. International Interests; and a chapter on Sector Interactions, Multiple Stressors and Complex Systems. Finally, and again in response to public feedback and input, the report reflects three cross-cutting contextual advances: (1) more of an international context, (2) enhanced coverage of the economic impacts, and (3) greater focus on risk-based framing.
Other
Can I use this report to [teach a class, etc]?
Yes. Unless otherwise stated, all information and figures in this report are in the public domain. We just ask that you use the appropriate citation when using this document.
