Schematic diagram of the potential health effects of climate variability and change. (Source, Patz et al., 2000) *Moderating influences include non-climate factors that affect climate-related health outcomes, such as : population growth and demographic change; standard of living; access to heatlh care; improvements in heatlh care; and public health infrastructure. **Adaptation measure include actions to reduce risks of adverse helath outcomes, such as: vaccination programs; disease surveillance; monitoring; use of protective technologies (e.g., air conditioning, pesticides, water filtration/treatment); use of climate forecasts; and development of weather warning systems; emergency management and disaster preparedness programs; and public education.