Hydrosphere

Data and Information Citations

from

Recent USGCRP and IPCC Global Change Assessment Reports

and

USGCRP Newly Available Agency Data Set Yearly Compilations

Data and Information Working Group
U.S. Global Change Research Program

September 2002

Foreword

Since its inception, the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) has had a policy of full and open data availability. This policy has been implemented, not only through the participating agencies, but through many interagency mechanisms, such as publications, Internet-based services, and in many international settings.

As one activity to let the users of USGCRP data and information know what's available, a data set citation format like that widely used for publications was adopted. Using this citation format, a survey of USGCRP related data made newly available by the agencies has been published by the USGCRP for each of the five past years.

As another activity, the citations used in the Foundation report of the National Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on the United States, as well as of the program's published reports by its component regions and sectors, have been extracted from their final reports. Similarly, the citations used in recent USGCRP related IPCC publications have been extracted. These citations should be particularly important to USGCRP users as they resulted from a screening process by experts in the particular fields.

(These individual data and information citation compilations are generally available in electronic form via the U.S. Global Change Research Program Web site at http://www.usgcrp.gov/ and in the Global Change Data and Information System (http://www.globalchange.gov/).)

To help users of these citation compilations find the data and information in which they are most interested, the data set and publication citations have been separated into the following subject categories, each with the representative topics it includes:

Agriculture - Crops, Forestry, Livestock, Plants, Soils

Atmosphere - Aerosols, Atmospheric chemistry, Climate, Clouds, Weather

Biosphere - Ecology, Vegetation, Wetlands, Zoology

Carbon - Atmospheric carbon, Ocean carbon, Sequestration, Soil carbon

Cryosphere - Glaciers, Ice, Snow

Geology - Earthquakes, Earth's structure, Gravity, Magnetic fields, Nonrenewable resources, Volcanoes

Human Dimensions - Economic effects, Environmental effects, Human health

Hydrosphere - Ground water, Precipitation, Surface water, Water quality

Land Surface - Erosion, Land cover, Land type, Land use, Topography

Oceans - Coastal processes, Circulation, Resources, Temperature, Waves

Paleoclimate - Historical records, Ice, land, and ocean cores

Solar Physics - Energetic particles, Solar activity, Solar radiation

The categorization of the citations also makes it possible to make a compilation of the citations in a particular subject category for all the publications identified above that were surveyed. This present compilation is for the Hydrosphere category.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

IPCC - CLIMATE CHANGE 2001: IMPACTS, ADAPTATION, AND VULNERABILITY

CHAPTER 4. HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES

USGCRP - CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON THE US

FOUNDATION REPORT

Scenarios Used for the Report

Socioeconomic Context for Climate Impact Assessment

Report's Regional Elements of the U.S.

Research Sectors of the Report

HYDROSPHERE REFERENCES IN SUBSEQUENT REGIONAL/SECTORAL REPORTS

Agriculture Sector

California Region (Final Review Version)

Coastal Region

Health Sector

Mid-Atlantic Region

Pacific Islands Region

Water Sector

DATA MADE NEWLY AVAILABLE IN 1997

INTERAGENCY

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

DATA NEWLY AVAILABLE IN 1998

INTERAGENCY

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

DATA MADE NEWLY AVAILABLE IN 1999

INTERAGENCY

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

DATA MADE NEWLY AVAILABLE IN 2000

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

DATA MADE NEWLY AVAILABLE IN 2001

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

IPCC Working Group II. Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. The IPCC Secretariat c/o World Meteorological Organization, 7 bis Avenue de la Paix, C.P. 2300, CH - 1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland http://www.ipcc.ch/

Adeloye, A.J., N.R. Nawaz, and M. Montaseri, 1998: Sensitivity of storage-yield of multiple reservoirs to climate change induced variations in reservoir surface evaporation and rainfall fluxes. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Climate and Water, Espoo, Finland, August 1998. Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland, pp. 1525-1535.

Alcamo, J., P. Döll, F. Kaspar, and S. Siebert, 1997: Global Change and Global Scenarios of Water Use and Availability: An Application of Water GAP1.0. University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany, 47 pp. (plus appendices).

Alderwish, A. and M. Al-Eryani, 1999: An approach for assessing the vulnerability of the water resources of Yemen to climate change. Climate Research, 21, 85-89.

Alexander, R.B., P.S. Murdoch, and R.A. Smith, 1996: Streamflow-induced variations in nitrate flux in tributaries to the Atlantic coastal zone. Biogeochemistry, 33(3), 149-177.

Alexandrov, V., 1998: A strategy evaluation of irrigation management of maize crop under climate change in Bulgaria. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Climate and Water, Espoo, Finland, August 1998. Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland, pp. 1545-1555.

Ames, A. and S. Hastenrath, 1996: Diagnosing the imbalance of Glacier Santa Rosa, Cordillera Raura, Peru. Journal of Glaciology, 42, 212-218.

Amthor, J.S., 1999: Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration, water use, and water stress: scaling up from the plant to the landscape. In: Carbon Dioxide and Environmental Stress [Luo, Y. and H.A. Mooney (eds.)]. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 33-59.

Anderson, T.L. and P.J. Hill, 1997: Water Marketing: The Next Generation. Roman and Littlefield, Publishers, Inc., Lanham, MA, USA, 216 pp.

Amadore, L., W.C. Bolhofer, R.V. Cruz, R.B. Feir, C.A. Freysinger, S. Guill, K.F. Jalal, A. Iglesias, A. Jose, S. Leatherman, S. Lenhart, S.Mukherjee, J.B. Smith, and J. Wisniewski, 1996. Climate change vulnerability and adaptation in Asia and the Pacific: workshop summary. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 92, 1-12.

Arnell, N.W., 1996: Global Warming, River Flows and Water Resources. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, United Kingdom, 226 pp.

Arnell, N.W., 1998: Climate change and water resources in Britain. Climatic Change, 39, 83-110.

Arnell, N.W., 1999a: The effect of climate change on hydrological regimes in Europe: a continental perspective. Global Environmental Change, 9, 5-23.

Arnell, N.W., 1999b: Climate change and global water resources. Global Environmental Change, 9, S31-S49.

Arnell, N.W., 2000: Impact of climate change on global water resources: Volume 2, unmitigated emissions. Report to Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom, 53 pp.

Arnell, N.W. and N.S. Reynard, 2000: Climate change and UK hydrology. In: The Hydrology of the UK: A Study of Change [Acreman, M.C. (ed.)]. Routledge, London, United Kingdom, pp. 3-29.

Arnell, N.W. and N.S. Reynard, 1996: The effects of climate change due to global warming on river flows in Great Britain. Journal of Hydrology, 183, 397-424.

Arnell, N.W., B.C. Bates, H. Lang, J.J. Magnuson, and P. Mulholland, 1996: Hydrology and freshwater ecology. In: Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations, and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses. Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Watson, R.T., M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 325-363.

Arnell, N.W., M.G.R. Cannell, M. Hulme, J.F.B. Mitchell, R.S. Kovats, R.J. Nicholls, M.L. Parry, M.T.J. Livermore, and A. White, 2001: The consequences of CO2 stabilization for the impacts of climate change. Climatic Change, (in press).

Avila, A., C. Neal, and J. Terradas, 1996: Climate change implications for streamflow and streamwater chemistry in a Mediterranean catchment. Journal of Hydrology, 177, 99-116.

Awuor, V.O., 1998: Kenyan water resources in a changing climate: impacts and vulnerability. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Climate and Water, Espoo, Finland, August 1998. Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland, pp. 1598-1609.

AWWA, 1997: Climate change and water resources. Journal of the American Water Works Association, 89, 107-110.

Ayala-Carcedo, F.J., 1996: Reduction of water resources in Spain due to climate change. Tecnoambiente, 64, 43-48 (in Spanish).

Ayala-Carcedo, F.J. and A. Iglesias-López, 2000: Impacts of climate change on water resources, design and planning in Spain Peninsula. El Campo de las Ciencias y las Artes, 137, 201-222 (in Spanish).

Bates, B.C., A.J. Jakeman, S.P. Charles, N.R. Sumner, and P.M. Fleming, 1996: Impact of climate change on Australia's surface water resources. In: Greenhouse: Coping with Climate Change [Bouma, W.J., M.R. Manning, and G.I. Pearman (eds.)]. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Collingwood, Victoria, Australia, pp. 248-262.

Behr, O., 1998: Possible climate impacts on the water resources of the Danube river Basin. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Climate and Water, Espoo, Finland, August 1998. Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland, pp. 829-838.

Bengtsson, L. and J. Malm, 1997: Using rainfall-runoff modeling to interpret lake level. Journal of Paleolimnology, 18, 235-248.

Bergstrom, S. and B. Carlsson, 1993: Hydrology of the Baltic Basin. Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute Reports. Hydrology, 7, 21.

Bergstrom, S., B. Carlsson, M. Gardelin, G. Lindstrom, A. Pettersson, and M. Rummukainen, 2001: Climate change impacts on runoff in Sweden: assessment by global climate models, dynamic downscaling and hydrological model. Climate Research, 16, 101-112.

Biswas, A.K. (ed.), 1994: International Waters of the Middle East: from Euphrates-Tigris to Nile. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Blake, R., R. Khanbilvardi, and C. Rosenzweig, 2000: Climate change impacts on New York City's water supply system. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 36, 279-292.

Bobba, A.G., V.P. Singh, D.S. Jeffries, and L. Bengtsson, 1997: Application of a watershed runoff model to North East Pond River, Newfoundland, study water balance and hydrological characteristics owing to atmospheric change. Hydrological Processes, 11, 1573-1593.

Bogardi, J.J. and H.-P. Nachtnebel (eds.), 1994: Multicriteria Decision Analysis in Water Resources Management. International Hydrological Programme, UNESCO, Paris, France.

Boix-Fayos, C., A. Calvo-Cases, A.C. Imeson, M.D. Soriano Soto, and I.R. Tiemessen, 1998: Spatial and short-term temporal variations in runoff, soil aggregation and other soil properties along a Mediterranean climatological gradient. Catena, 33, 123-138.

Boland, J.J., 1997: Assessing urban water use and the role of water conservation measures under climate uncertainty. Climatic Change, 37, 157-176.

Boorman, D.B. and C.E. Sefton, 1997: Recognizing the uncertainty in the quantification of the effects of climate change on hydrological response. Climatic Change, 35, 415-434.

Bouraoui, F., G. Vachaud, L.Z.X. Li, H. LeTreut, and T. Chen, 1999: Evaluation of the impact of climate changes on water storage and groundwater recharge at the watershed scale. Climate Dynamics, 15, 153-161.

Braga, B.P.F. and L.C.B. Molion, 1999: Assessment of the impacts of climate variability and change on the hydrology of South America. In: Impacts of Climate Change and Climate Variability on Hydrological Regimes [van Dam, J.C. (ed.)]. UNESCO, International Hydrology Series, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 21-35.

Bruce, J., I. Burton, H. Martin, B. Mills, and L. Mortsch, 2000: Water Sector: Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change, Final Report. GCSI and the Meteorological Service of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada, 144 pp.

Bruci, D.E. and M. Bicaj, 1998: Implication of the expected climate change on the water resources in Albania. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Climate and Water, Espoo, Finland, August 1998. Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland, pp. 1471-1477.

Buchtele, J., M. Buchtelova, and M. Fortova, 1998: Possible runoff changes simulated using climate scenarios UKHI, UKTR and XCCC in the Czech part of the Elbe River Basin. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Climate and Water, Espoo, Finland, August 1998. Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland, pp. 208-214.

Bunce, J.A., K.B. Wilson, and T.N. Carlson, 1997: The effect of doubled CO2 on water use by alfalfa and orchard grass: simulating evapotranspiration using canopy conductance measurements. Global Change Biology, 3, 81-87.

Butina, M., G. Melnikova, and I. Stikute, 1998: Potential impact of climate change on the hydrological regime in Latvia. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Climate and Water, Espoo, Finland, August 1998. Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland, pp. 1610-1617.

Cao, M.K. and F.I. Woodward, 1998: Dynamic responses of terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling to global climate change. Nature, 393, 249-252.

Carmichael, J.J., K.M. Strzepek, and B. Minarik, 1996: Impacts of climate change and seasonal variability on economic treatment costs: a case study of the Nitra River Basin, Slovakia. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 12, 209-227.

Carter, T.R., M. Hulme, J.F. Crossley, S. Malyshev, M.G. New, M.E. Schlesinger, and H. Tuomenvirta, 2000: Climate Change in the 21st Century - Interim Characterizations based on the New IPCC Emissions Scenarios. The Finnish Environment 433, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, 148 pp.

Chalecki, E.L. and P.H. Gleick, 1999: A framework of ordered climate effects on water resources: a comprehensive bibliography. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35, 1657-1665.

Changnon, S.A., 1998: Comments on "secular trends of precipitation amount, frequency, and intensity in the United States" by Karl and Knight. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79, 2550-2552.

Changnon, S.A. and D. Changnon, 1998: Climatological relevance of major USA weather losses during 1991-1994. International Journal of Climatology, 18, 37-48.

Changnon, S.A. and M. Demissie, 1996: Detection of changes in streamflow and floods resulting from climate fluctuations and land use-drainage changes. Climatic Change, 32, 411-421.

Changnon, S.A., D. Changnon, E.R. Fosse, D.C. Hoganson, R.J. Roth, and J.M. Totsch, 1997: Effects of recent weather extremes on the insurance industry; major implications for the atmospheric sciences. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 78, 425-435.

Chao, P. and A.W. Wood, 1999: Water management implications of global warming: 7. The Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin. Institute for Water Resources, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Alexandria, VA, USA, 102 pp.

Chao, P.T., B.F. Hobbs, B.N. Venkatesh, 1999: How climate uncertainty should be included in Great Lakes management: modelling workshop results. Journal of the American Water ResourcesAssociation, 35, 1485-1497.

Chattopadhyary, N. and M. Hulme, 1997: Evaporation and potential evapotranspiration in India under conditions of recent and future climate change. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 87, 55-73.

Checkley, W., L.D. Epstein, R.H. Gilman, D. Figueroa, R.I. Cama, J.A. Patz, and R.E. Black, 2000: Effect of El Niño and ambient temperature on hospital admissions for diarrhoeal diseases in Peruvian children. Lancet, 355, 442-450.

Chiew, F.H.S., T.C. Piechota, J.A. Dracup, and T.A. McMahon, 1998: El Niño Southern Oscillation and Australian rainfall, streamflow and drought - links and potential for forecasting. Journal of Hydrology, 204, 138-149.

Christensen, O. and J. Christensen, 1998: Climate simulations with the HIRHAM limited area regional climate model over Scandinavia. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Climate and Water, Espoo, Finland, August 1998. Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland, pp. 10-19.

Cleaveland, M.K., 2000: A 963-year reconstruction of summer (JJA) streamflow in the White River, Arkansas, USA, from tree rings. The Holocene, 10, 33-41.

Cohen, S.J., K.A. Miller, A.F. Hamlet, and W. Avis, 2000: Climate change and resource management in the Columbia River Basin. Water International, 25, 253-272.

Compagnucci, R.H. and W.M. Vargas, 1998: Interannual variability of the Cuyo River's streamflow in the Argentinian Andean mountains and ENSO events. International Journal of Climatology, 18, 1593-1609.

Conway, D. and M. Hulme, 1996: The impacts of climate variabilityand future climate change in the Nile Basin on water resources in Egypt. Water Resources Development, 12, 277-296.

Cosgrove, W.J. and F.R. Rijbersman, 2000: World Water Vision: Making Water Everybody's Business. World Water Council, Earthscan Publications Ltd., London, United Kingdom, 108 pp.

Crane, R.G. and B.C. Hewitson, 1998: Doubled CO2 precipitation changes for the Susquehanna River Basin: downscaling from the GENESIS general circulation model. International Journal of Climatology, 18, 65-66.

Cruise, J.F., A.S. Limaye, and N. Al Abed, 1999: Assessment of impacts of climate change on water quality in the southeastern United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35, 1539-1550.

Daamen, K., P. Krahe, and K. Wilke, 1998: Impacts of possible climate change on the discharge in German low mountain range catchments. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Climate and Water, Espoo, Finland, August 1998. Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland, pp. 805-819.

Davidovich, N.V. and M.D. Ananicheva, 1996: Prediction of possible changes in glacio-hydrological characteristics under global warming: Southeastern Alaska, USA. Journal of Glaciology, 42, 407-412.

Dellapenna, J.W., 1999: Adapting the law of water management to global climate change and other hydropolitical stresses. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35, 1301-1326.

Dettinger, M.D. and D.R. Cayan, 1995: Large-scale forcing of recent trends toward early smowmelt runoff in California. Journal of Climate, 8, 606-623.

Dickinson, R.E., A.N. Hahmann, and Q. Shao, 1997: Commentary on Mecca sensitivity studies. In: Assessing Climate Change [Howe, W. and A. Henderson-Sellers (eds.)]. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Sydney, Australia, pp. 195-206.

Döll, P. and S. Siebert, 2001: Global Modeling of Irrigation Water Requirements. University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany.

Döll, P., F. Kaspar, and J. Alcamo, 1999: Computation of global water availability and water use at the scale of large drainage Basins. Mathematische Geologie, 4, 111-118.

Dvorak, V., J. Hladny, and L. Kasparek, 1997: Climate change hydrology and water resources impact and adaptation for selected river Basins in the Czech Republic. Climatic Change, 36, 93-106.

Easter, K.W., M. Rosegrant, and A. Dinar (eds.), 1998: Markets for Water:Potential and Performance. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Germany.

Eheart, J.W., A.J. Wildermuth, and E.E. Herricks, 1999: The effects of climate change and irrigation on criterion low streamflows used for determining total maximum daily loads. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35, 1365-1372.

ERM, 2000: Potential UK Adaptation Strategies for Climate Change. UK Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, London, United Kingdom, 66 pp.

Espinosa, D., A. Mendez, I Madrid, and R. Rivera, 1997: Assessment of climate change impacts on the water resources of Panama: the case of the La Villa, Chiriqui and Chagres River Basins. Climate Research, 9, 131-137.

Falkenmark, M. and G. Lindh, 1976: Water for a Starving World. Westview Press, Boulder, CO, USA.

Falkenmark, M., 1999: Forward to the future: a conceptual framework for water dependence. Ambio, 28, 356-361.

Fang, X. and H.G. Stefan, 1997: Simulated climate change effects on dissolved oxygen characteristics in ice-covered lakes. Ecological Modelling, 103(2-3), 209-229.

Felzer, B. and P. Heard, 1999: Precipitation differences amongst GCMs used for the U.S. national assessment. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35, 1327-1339.

Field, C.B., R.B. Jackson, and H.A. Mooney, 1995: Stomatal responses to increased CO2-implications from the plant to the global scale. Plant Cell and Environment, 18, 1214-1225.

Fisher, A.C. and S.J. Rubio, 1997: Adjusting to climate change: implications of increased variability and asymetric adjustment costs for investment in water reserves. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 34, 207-227.

Fowler, A., 1999: Potential climate change impacts on water resources in the Auckland Region (New Zealand). Climate Research, 11, 221-245.

Frederick, K.D., 1997: Adapting to climate impacts on the supply and demand for water. Climatic Change, 37, 141-156.

Frederick, K.D. (ed.), 1986: Scarce Water and Institutional Change. Resources for the Future, Inc., Washington, DC, USA.

Frederick, K.D. and G.E. Schwarz, 1999: Socioeconomic impacts of climate change on U.S. water supplies. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35, 1563-1583.

Friend, A.D., A.K. Stevens, R.G. Knox, and M.G.R. Cannell, 1997: A process-based, terrestrial biosphere model of ecosystem dynamics (HYBRID v3.0). Ecological Modelling, 95, 249-287.

Frisk, T., Ä. Bilaletdin, K. Kallio, M. Saura, 1997. Modelling the effects of climatic change on lake eutrophication. Boreal Environment Research, 2, 53-67.

Fushimi, H. 1999: Water resources and environmental problems of Lake Biwa, Japan. In: Limnology: Textbook for the Ninth IHP Training Course in 1999: International Hydrological Programme [Terai, H. (ed.)]. Institute for Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Sciences, Nagoya University and UNESCO, Nagoya, Japan, Chapter 9.

Gellens, D. and E. Roulin, 1998: Streamflow response of Belgian catchments to IPCC climate change scenarios. Journal of Hydrology, 210, 242-258.

Gellens, D., E. Roulin, and F. Gellens-Meulenberghs, 1998: Impact of climate change on the water balance in the river Meuse Basin (Belgium). In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Climate and Water, Espoo, Finland, August 1998. Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland, pp. 820-828.

Genta, J.L., G. Perez-Iribarren, and C.R. Mechoso, 1998. A recent increasing trend in the streamflow of rivers in southeastern South America. Journal of Climate, 11, 2858-2862.

Georgiyevsky, V.Yu., S.A. Zhuravin, and A.V. Ezhov, 1995: Assessment of trends in hydrometeorological situation on the Great Russian Plain under the effect of climate variations. In: Proceedings of American Geophysical Union, 15th Annual Hydrology Days, pp. 47-58.

Georgiyevsky, V.Yu., A.V. Yezhov, A.L. Shalygin, A.I. Shiklomanov, and I.A. Shiklomanov, 1996: Evaluation of possible climate change impact on hydrological regime and water resources of the former USSR rivers. Russian Meteorology and Hydrology, 11, 89-99.

Georgiyevsky, V.Yu., A.V. Yezhov, and A.L. Shalygin, 1997: An assessment of changing river runoff due to man's impact and global climate warming. In: River Runoff Calculations, Report at the International Symposium. UNESCO, pp. 75-81.

Gifford, R.M., D.J. Barrett, J.L. Lutze, and A.B. Samarakoon, 1996: Agriculture and global change: scaling direct carbon dioxide impacts and feedbacks through time. In: Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems [Walker, B.R. and W. Steffen (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 229-259.

Gleick, P.H., 1998: The World's Water. 1998/99. Island Press, Washington DC, USA, 307 pp.

Gleick, P.H., 2000: Water: Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change for the Water Resources of the United States. Report of the Water Sector Assessment Team of the National Assessment of the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change. Pacific Institute for Studies on Development, Economics, and Security, Oakland, CA, USA, 151 pp.

Gleick, P.H. and E.L. Chalecki, 1999: The impacts of climatic changes for water resources of the Colorado and Sacramento-San Jaoquin River Basins. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35, 1429-1441.

Grabs, W. (ed.) 1997: Impact of climate change on hydrological regimes and water resources management in the Rhine Basin. International Commission for the Hydrology of the Rhine Basin (CHR), Report I-16, Ledystad, The Netherlands, 172 pp.

Greene, A.M., W.S. Broecker, and D. Rind, 1999: Swiss glacier recession since the Little Ice Age: reconciliation with climate records. Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 1909-1912.

Gregory, J.M. and J. Oerlemans, 1998: Simulated future sea level rise due to glacier melt based on regionally and seasonally resolved temperature changes. Nature, 391, 474-476.

Gregory, J.M., J.F.B. Mitchell, and A.J. Brady, 1997: Summer drought in northern midlatitudes in a time-dependent CO2 climate experiment. Journal of Climate, 10, 662-686.

Haerberli, W. and M. Beniston, 1998: Climate change and its impacts on glaciers and permafrost in the Alps. Ambio, 27, 258-265.

Haeberli, W., R. Frauenfelder, M. Hoelzle, and M. Maisch, 1999: On rates and acceleration trends of global glacier mass changes. Geografisker Annaler Series A - Physical Geography, 81A, 585-591.

Hailemariam, K., 1999: Impact of climate change on the water resources of Awash River Basin, Ethiopia. Climate Research, 6, 91-96.

Hamlet, A.F. and D.P. Lettenmaier, 1999: Effects of climate change on hydrology and water resources in the Columbia River Basin. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35, 1597-1623.

Hanaki, K., K. Takara, T. Hanazato, H. Hirakuchi, and H. Kayanne, 1998: Impacts on hydrology/water resources and water environment. In: Global Warming - The Potential Impact on Japan [Nishioka, S. and H. Harasawa (eds.)]. Springer-Verlag, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 131-163.

Hanratty, M.P. and H.G. Stefan, 1998: Simulating climate change effects in a Minnesota agricultural watershed. Journal of Environmental Quality, 27, 1524-1532.

Hansler, G. and D.C. Major, 1999: Climate change and the water supply systems of New York City and the Delaware Basin: planning and action considerations for water managers. In: Proceedings of the Specialty Conference on Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change to Water Resources of the United States [Briane Adams, D. (ed.)]. American Water Resources Association, Herndon, VA, USA, pp. 327-330.

Hassan, H., K. Hanaki, and T. Matsuo, 1998a: A modelling approach to simulate the impact of climate change on lake water quality: phytoplankton growth rate assessment. Water Science and Technology, 37(2), 177-185.

Hassan, H., T. Aramaki, K. Hanaki, T. Matsuo, and R. Wilby, 1998b: Lake stratification and temperature profiles simulated using downscaled GCM output. Water Science and Technology, 38(11), 217-226.

Hatch, U., S. Jagtap, J. Jones, and M. Lamb, 1999: Potential effects of climate change on agricultural water use in the Southeast U.S. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35, 1551-1561.

Haughton, G., 1998: Private profits - public drought: the creation of a crisis in water management for West Yorkshire. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, NS 23, 410-435.

Hennessy, R.J., J.M. Gregory, and J.F.B. Mitchell, 1997: Changes in daily precipitation under enhanced greenhouse conditions. Climate Dynamics, 13, 667-680.

Herrington, P., 1996: Climate Change and the Demand for Water. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, United Kingdom, 164 pp.

Hewitt, K., 1997: Regions of Risk: A Geographical Introduction to Disasters. Addison-Wesley Longman, Essex, United Kingdom.

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Stonefelt, M.D., T.A. Fontaine, and R.H. Hotchkiss, 2000: Impacts of climate change on water yield in the Upper Wind Basin. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 36, 321-336.

Strzepek, K.M., D.N. Yates, and D.E. El Quosy, 1996: Vulnerability assessment of water resources in Egypt to climatic change in the Nile Basin. Climate Research, 6, 89-95.

Strzepek, K.M., D.C. Major, C. Rosenzweig, A. Iglesias, D.N. Yates, A. Holt, and D. Hillel, 1999: New methods of modelling water availability for agriculture under climate change: the U.S. Cornbelt. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35, 1639-1655.

Subak, S., 2000: Climate change adaptation in the U.K. water industry: managers' perceptions of past variability and future scenarios. Water Resources Management, 14, 137-156.

Tarend, D.D., 1998: Changing flow regimes in the Baltic States. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Climate and Water, Espoo, Finland, August 1998. Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland.

Teller, J. and W. Last, 1982: Pedogenic zones in post-glacial sediments of Lake Manitoba, Canada. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 7, 367-379.

Thomas, I.F. and B.C. Bates, 1997: Responses to the variability and increasing uncertainty of climate in Australia. The Third IHP/IAHS G. Covach Colloquium: Risk, Reliability, Uncertainty and Robustness of Water Resources Systems, 19-21 September, 1996. UNESCO, Paris, France.

Tobin, G.A. and B. Montz, 1997: Natural Hazards: Explanation and Integration. Guilford Press, New York, NY, USA.

Tung, C.P. and D.A. Haith, 1998: Climate change, irrigation and crop response. Journal of American Water Resources Association, 34, 1071-1085.

UKWIR, 1998: A Practical Method for Converting Uncertainty into Headroom. UK Water Industry Research Ltd. Report 98/WR/13/1, UK Water Industry Research Ltd., London, United Kingdom, 132 pp.

UNICEF, 1999: Available online at http://www.unicefusa.org/alert/emergency/mitch.

Varis, O. and L. Somlyody, 1996: Potential impact of climate change on lake and reservoir water quality. In: Water Resources Management in the Face of Climatic/Hydrologic Uncertainties [Kaczmarek, Z., K. Strzepek, and L. Somlyody (eds.)]. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 46-69.

Vehviläinen, B. and M. Huttunen, 1997: Climate change and water resources in Finland. Boreal Environment Research, 2, 3-18.

Venema, H.D., E.J. Schiller, K. Adamowski, and J.M. Thizy, 1997: A water resources planning response to climate change in the Senegal River Basin. Journal of Environmental Management, 49, 125-155.

Viney, N.R. and M. Sivapalan, 1996: The hydrological response of catchments to simulated changes in climate. Ecological Modelling, 86, 189-193.

Vogel, R.M., C.J. Bell, and N.M. Fennessey, 1997: Climate, streamflow and water supply in the northeastern United States. Journal of Hydrology, 198, 42-68.

Wallinga, J. and R.S.W. van de Wal, 1998: Sensitivity of Rhonegletscher, Switzerland, to climate change: experiments with a one-dimensional flowline model. Journal of Glaciology, 44, 383-393.

Waylen, P., R.H. Compagnucci, and M. Caffea, 2001: Inter-annual and inter-decadal variability in stream flow from the Argentine Andes. Physical Geography, (in press).

Westmacott, J.R. and D.H. Burn, 1997: Climate change effects on the hydrologic regime within the Churchill-Nelson River Basin. Journal of Hydrology, 202, 263-279.

White, A.F. and A.E. Blum, 1995: Effects of climate on chemical weathering in watersheds. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59, 1729-1747.

Wiener, J.D., 1996: Research opportunities in search of federal flood policy. Policy Sciences, 29, 321-344.

Wilby, R. and T.M.L. Wigley, 1997: Downscaling general circulation model output: a review of methods and limitations. Progress in Physical Geography, 21, 530-548.

Wilby, R., T.M.L. Wigley, D. Conway, P.D. Jones, B.C. Hewitson, J. Main, and D.S. Wilks, 1998: Statistical downscaling of general circulation model output: a comparison of methods. Water Resources Research, 34, 2995-3008.

Wilby, R.L., L.E. Hay, and G.H. Leavesley, 1999: A comparison of downscaled and raw GCM output: implications for climate change scenarios in the San Juan River Basin, Colorado. Journal of Hydrology, 225, 67-91.

Wolock, D.M. and G.J. McCabe, 1999: Esitmates of runoff using water balance and atmospheric general circulation models. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35, 1341-1350.

World Bank, 1993: Water Resources Management. World Bank Policy Paper, World Bank, Washington, DC, USA, 140 pp.

WMO, 1997: Comprehensive Assessment of the Freshwater Resources of the World. World Meteorological Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland, 34 pp.

Xu, C., 1998: Hydrological responses to climate change in central Sweden. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Climate and Water, Espoo, Finland, August 1998. Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland, pp. 188-197.

Yates, D.N., 1997: Climate change impacts on the hydrologic response of South America: an annual, continental scale assessment. Climate Research, 9, 147-155.

Ye, B., Y. Ding, E. Kang, G. Li, and T. Han, 1999: Response of the snowmelt and glacier runoff to the climate warming up in the last 40 years in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China. Science in China, 42.

Ying, A. and G. Zhang, 1996: Response of water resources to climate change in Liaohe Basin. Advances in Water Science, 7, 67-72.

Yoshino, F., 1999: Studies on the characteristics of variation and spatial correlation of the long-term annual runoff in the world rivers. Journal of the Japanese Society for Hydrology and Water Resources, 12, 109-120.

Young, G.J., J.C.I. Dooge, and J.C. Rodda, 1994: Global Water Resources Issues. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 194 pp.

National Assessment Synthesis Team. Climate Change Impacts on the United States: The Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change. Report for the US Global Change Research Program, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 620pp., 2001 http://www.usgcrp.gov/ or http://www.cambridge.org/

Scenarios for Climate Variability and Change

Dresler, P. V., M. C. MacCracken, and A. Janetos. National Assessment of the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change for the United States. Water Resources Update, 112, 16-24. 1998.

Durman, C. F., J. M. Gregory, D. C. Hassell, and R. G. Jones. The Comparison of Extreme European Daily Precipitation Simulated by a Global And a Regional Climate Model for Present and Future Climates. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, in press. 2000.

Felzer, B.. Hydrological Implications of GCM Results for the U.S. National Assessment. Proceedings of the Specialty Conference on Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change to Water Resources of the United States, pp. 69-72, May 10-12. 1999. Atlanta,Georgia, American Water Resources Association, Middleburg, Virginia. 1999.

Felzer, B., and P. Heard. Precipitation Differences Amongst GCMs Used for the U.S. National Assessment. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35(6), 1327-1339. 1999.

Groisman, P. Ya., et al.. Changes in the Probability of Heavy Precipitation: Important Indicators of Climatic Change. Climatic Change, 42, 243-283. 1999.

Groisman, P. Ya., R. W. Knight, and T. R. Karl. Heavy Precipitation and Streamflow in the United States: Trends in the 20^th Century. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, in press. 2000.

Hayden, B. P.. Extratropical Storms: Past, Present, and Future, pp. 93-96. Proceedings of Specialty Conference on Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change to Water Resources of the United States, May 1999, American Water Resources Association. 1999.

Hennessy, K. J., J. M. Gregory, and J. F. B. Mitchell. Changes in Daily Precipitation Under Enhanced Greenhouse Conditions,.Climate Dynamics, 13, 667-680. 1997.

Hulme, M., T. J. Osborn, and T. C. Johns. Precipitation Sensitivity to Global Warming: Comparison of Observations With HadCM2 Simulations. Geophysical Research Letters, 25(17), 3379-3382. 1998.

Karl, T. R., and R. W. Knight. Secular Trends of Precipitation Amount, Frequency, and Intensity in the United States. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79, 231-241. 1998.

Karl, T. R., and W. E. Reibsame, The Impact of Decadal Fluctuations in Mean Precipitation and Temperature on Runoff: A Sensitivity Study Over the United States. Climatic Change, 15, 423- 447. 1989.

Kothavala, Z.. Extreme Precipitation Events and the Applicability of Global Climate Models to Study Floods and Drought. Mathematics and Computers in Simulations, 43, 261-268. 1997.

Kunkel, K. E, K. Andsager, and D. R. Easterling. Long-Term Trends in Extreme Precipitation Events Over the Conterminous United States and Canada. Journal of Climate, 12, 2515-2527. 1999.

Langbein, W. B.. Annual Runoff in the United States. US Geological Survey Circular No. 5, Department of the Interior, Washington, DC, 1949 (reprinted 1959).

Legates, D. R.. Global and Terrestrial Precipitation: A Comparative Assessment of Existing Climatologies: A reply. International Journal of Climatology, 17, 779-783. 1997.

Legates, D. R., and T. L. DeLiberty. Precipitation Measurements Biases in the United States. Water Resources Bulletin, 29, 855-861. 1993.

Legates, D. R., and C. J. Wilmott. Mean Seasonal and Spatial Variability in Gauge-Corrected Global Precipitation. International Journal of Climatology, 10, 111-127. 1990b.

Lins, H. F., and J. R. Slack. Streamflow Trends in the United States, Geophysical Research Letters, 26(2), 227-230. 1999.

Palmer W.. Meteorological Drought., Research Paper No. 45, US Weather Bureau, NOAA Library and Information Services Division, Washington, DC, 58 pp. 1965.

Trenberth, K.E., and G. Branstator. Issues in Establishing Causes for the 1988 Draught Over North America, Journal of Climate, 5, 159-172. 1992.

Wetherald, R.T., and S. Manabe. Detectability of Summer Dryness Caused by Greenhoue Warming. Climatic Change, 43, 495-511. 1999.

Woodhouse, C., and J. Overpeck. 2000 Years of Drought Variability in the Central United States. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79, 2693-2714. 1998.

Vegetation and Biogeochemical Scenarios

Knight, D. H., T. J. Fahey, and S. W. Running. Factors Affecting Water and Nutrient Outflow from Lodgepole Pine Forests in Wyoming. Ecological Monographs, 55, 29-48. 1985.

Vörösmarty, C. J., et al.. Continental Scale Model of Water Balance and Fluvial Transport: An Application to South America. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 3, 241-265 1989.

Wilhite, D. A. (Ed.). Drought: A Global Assessment. Hazards and Disasters, Vol. 2. Routledge Publishers, New York. 2000.

Northeast Region

Gibson, J. R., and R. G. Najjar. Modeling Chesapeake Bay Salinity Under Climate Change. Limnology and Oceanography, in review. 2000.

Groisman, P.Ya , R.W. Knight, T.R. Karl, and H.F. Lins. Heavy Precipitation and Streamflow in the United States: Trends in the 20^th Century, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, in press. 2000.

Karl, T. R., and R. W. Knight, Secular Trends in Precipitation Amount, Frequency, and Intensity in the United States. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79, 231-241. 1998.

Kunkel, K. E., K. Andsager, and D. R. Easterling. Long-Term Trends in Extreme Precipitation Events Over the Conterminous United States. Journal of Climate, 12, 2515-2527. 1999.

McCabe, G. J., Jr., and M. A. Ayers. Hydrologic Effects of Climate Change in the Delaware River Basin, Water Resources Bulletin, 25(6). 1989.

Neff, R., H. Chang, C. G. Knight, R. G. Najjar, B. Yarnal, and H. A. Walker. Impact of Climate Variation and Change on Mid-Atlantic Hydrology and Water Resources. Climate Research, 14, 207-218. 2000.

Solley, W. B., R. R. Pierce, and H. A. Perlman. Estimated Water Use in the United States in 1995. US Geological Survey Circular 1200, Washington, DC. 1998.

Yarnal, B., D. L. Johnson, B. Frakes, G. I. Bowles, and P. Pascale. The Flood of '96 in the Susquehanna River Basin. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 33, 1299-1312, 1997.

Southeast Region

Cruise, J. F., A. S. Limaye, and N. Al-Abed. Assessment of the Impacts of Climate Change on Water Quality in the Southeastern United States. Journal of American Water Resources Association, 35(6),1539-1550. 1999.

Felzer, B., and P. Heard. Hydrological Implications of GCM Results for the US National Assessment. Journal of American Water Resources Association, 35(6), 1327-1339. 1999.

Goolsby, D. A., W. A. Battaglin, G. B. Lawrence, R. S. Artz, B. T. Aulenbach, R. P. Hooper, D. R. Keeney, and G. J. Stensland. Flux and Source of Nutrients in the Mississippi- Atchafalaya River Basin. Review, White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, Committee on Environment and Natural Resources, Hypoxia Work Group, May 1999, pp. 13-37, 2000.

Hatch, U., S. Jagtap, J. Jones, and M. Lamb. Potential Effects of Climate Change on Agricultural Water Use. Journal of American Water Resources Association, 35(6), 1551-1562. 1999.

Keim, B. D., G. E. Faiers, R. A. Muller, J. M. Grymes, and R. V. Rohli. Long-Term Trends of Precipitation and Runoff in Louisiana. USA, International Journal of Climatology, 15, 531- 541, 1995.

Lins, H. F., and J. R. Slack. Streamflow Trends in the United States. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(2), 227-230. 1999.

Mearns, L. O., F. Giorgio, L. McDaniel, and C. Shields. Analysis of Daily Variability of Precipitation in a Nested Regional Climate Model: Comparison with Observations and Doubled CO 2 Results. Global Planetary Change 10, 55-78. 1995.

Meyer, J. L.. Seasonal Patterns of Water Quality in Blackwater Rivers of the Coastal Plain, Southeastern United States. Water Quality in North American River Systems, edited by C. D. Becker and D. A. Neitzel, Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio, pp. 249-276. 1992.

Trenberth, K. E.. Conceptual Framework for Changes of Extreme of the Hydrological Cycle with Climate Change, Climatic Change, 42, 327-339. 1999.

Midwest Region

Angel, J.R., and F.A. Huff, Changes in Heavy Rainfall in Midwestern United States. J. Water Resources Planning. Management, 123, 246-250. 1997.

Chao, P.. Great Lakes Water Resources: Climate Change Impact Analysis with Transient GCM Scenarios. Journal of American Water Resources Association, 35, 1499-1507. 1999.

Groisman, P. Ya., et al.. Changes in the Probability of Heavy Precipitation: Important Indicators of Climatic Change. Climate Change, 42, 243-283. 1999.

Groisman, P. Ya., R. W. Knight, T. R. Karl. Relations Between Changes of Heavy Precipitation and Streamflow in the United States. in press, Bulletin. American Meteorological Society. 2000.

Karl, T. R., and R. W. Knight. Secular Trends of Precipitation Amount, Frequency, and Intensity in the USA. Bulletin. American Meteorological Society, 79, 231-241. 1998.

Olsen, J., J. Stedinger, N. Matalas, and E. Stakhiv. Climate Variability and Flood Frequency Estimation for the Upper Mississippi and Lower Missouri Rivers. Journal of American Water Resources Association, 35, 1509-1523. 1999.

Quinn, F.H., B. M. Lofgren, A. H. Clites, R. A. Assel, A. Eberhardt, and T. Hunter. Great Lakes Water Resources Sector Report. Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 6 pp.. 1999.

Stefan, H.G., M. Hondzo, and X. Fang. Lake Water Quality Modeling for Projected Future Climate Scenarios. Journal of Environmental Quality, 22, 417-431. 1993.

Great Plains Region

Karl et al.. Trends in Average Annual Temperature and Average Precipitation Over the 1895 to 1995 Period. Data are the US Historical Climatology Network stations averaged in each of the 344 Climate Divisions. Analysis prepared for National Assessment Synthesis Team. 1999.

Kunkel, K., K. Andsager, and D. R. Easterling. Long-Term Trends in Extreme Precipitation Events Over the Conterminous United States and Canada. Journal of Climate, 12, 2515-2527. 1999.

Miller, K.. Climate Variability, Climate Change, and Western Water. Report to the Western Water Policy Review Advisory Commission, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia. 1997. (http://www.den.doi.gov/wwprac/reports/west.htm)

Ojima, D. S., L. Garcia, E. Eigaali, K. Miller, T. G. F. Kittel, and J. Lackett. Potential Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in the Great Plains. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35, 1443-1454. 1999.

Wilhite, D.. Improving Drought Management in the West. Report to the Western Water Policy Review Advisory Commission, National Technical Information Service, Springfield,Virginia, 1997. (http://www.den.doi.gov/wwprac/reports/adrought.htm)

West Region

Dettinger, M. D., and D. R. Cayan. Large-Scale Atmospheric Forcing of Recent Trends Toward Early Snowmelt Runoff in California. Journal of Climate, 8, 606-623, 1995.

Gleick, P. H., and E. L. Chalecki. The Impacts of Climate Changes for Water Resources of the Colorado and Sacramento-San Joaquin River Basins. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35(6). 1429-1441. 1999.

Gleick, P.. Regional Hydrologic Consequences of Increases in Atmospheric CO 2 and Other Trace Gases, Climate Change, 10, 137-161. 1987.

Hay, L. E., R. L. Wilby, and G. H. Leavesley. A Comparison of Delta Change and Downscaled GCM Scenarios for Three Mountainous Basins in the United States, Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 36(2). 2000.

Hurd, B. H., N. Leary, R. Jones, and J. B. Smith. Relative Regional Vulnerability of Water Resources to Climate Change. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35(6), 1399-1410. 1999a.

Jeton, A. E., M. D. Dettinger, and J. L. Smith. Potential Effects of Climate Change on Streamflow, Eastern and Western Slopes of the Sierra Nevada, California, and Nevada. Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4260, US Geological Survey, Sacramento, California. 1996.

Karl, T. R., and R. W. Knight. Secular Trends of Precipitation Amount, Frequency, and Intensity in the United States. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79, 231- 241. 1998.

Lettenmaier, D. P., and D. P. Sheer. Climatic Sensitivity of California Water Resources. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 117, 108-125. 1991.

Miller, N. L., J. Kim, and M. D. Dettinger. California Stream Flow Evaluation Based on a Dynamically Downscaled Eight Year Hindcast, Observations, and Physically Based Hydrologic Models, Eos, Transactions, AGU, 80, F406. 1999b.

Miller, N. L., J. Kim, and M. D. Dettinger. Climate Change Sensitivity Study for Two California River Basins. U.S. Department of Energy Workshop on the Climate Change Prediction Program, Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, Bethesda, Maryland, March 27-29, 2000.

Miller, N. L., J. Kim, R. K. Hartman, and J. Farrara. Downscaled Climate and Streamflow Study of the Southwestern United States, Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35(6),1525-1537. 1999a.

Soil Moisture [Changes Projected by GCMs], National Center for Atmospheric Research. August 31, 1999. (http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/naco/gcm/sm.html)

Wolock, D. M., and G. J. McCabe. Simulated Effects of Climate Change on Mean Annual Runoff in the Conterminous United States, Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35(6), 1341-1350. 1999.

Pacific Northwest Region

Graumlich, L. J., Precipitation Variation in the Pacific Northwest (1675-1975) as Reconstructed from Tree Rings. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 77, 19-29, 1987.

Harr, R. D., Water Flux in Soil and Subsoil in a Steep Forested Slope. Journal of Hydrology (33), 37-58, 1977.

Jones, J. A., and G. E. Grant. Peak Flow Responses to Clear-Cutting and Roads in Small and Large Basins, Western Cascades, Oregon. Water Resources Research, 32, 959-974, 1996.

Jones, J. A., and G. E. Grant. Hydrologic Processes and Peak Discharge Response to Forest Harvest, Regrowth, and Roads in Ten Small Experimental Basins, Western Cascades, Oregon, Water Resources Research, in review, 2000.

Matthews, D. A., and T. Hovland. Nested Model Simulations of Regional Orographic Precipitation. Global Climate Change Response Program Report, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado, 61 pp., 1997.

Regional Assessment. Journal of American Water Resources Association, in review, 2000.

Nijssen, B., D. P. Lettenmaier, X. Liang, S. W. Wetzel, and E. F. Wood. Streamflow Simulation for Continental-Scale River Basins. Journal of Water Resources Research, 33, 4, pp 711ff, 1997.

Perkins, R.. Climatic and Physiographic Controls on Peakflow Generation in the Western Cascades, Oregon. Ph.D. dissertation, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 1997.

Swetnam, T. W., and J. L. Betancourt. Fire-Southern Oscillation Relations in the Southwestern United States, Science, 249, 1017-1020, 1990.

Alaska

Clair T. A., J. Ehrman, and K. Higuchi. Changes to the Runoff of Canadian Ecozones Under a Doubled CO 2 Atmosphere. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 55(11) 2464- 2477, 1998.

Groisman, P.Y., and D. A. Easterling. Variability and Trends of Precipitation and Snowfall Over the United States and Canada. Journal of Climate, 7, 184-205, 1994.

Hagemann, S., and L. Dümenil. A Parameterization of the Lateral Waterflow for the Global Scale. Climate Dynamics, 14, 17-31, 1998.

Kerr, J. A.. Future Water Levels and Flows for Great Slave and Great Bear Lakes, Mackenzie River, and Mackenzie Delta. Mackenzie Basin Impacts Study (MBIS), Final Report, edited by S. J. Cohen, Environment Canada, Ottawa, 1997.

Lamke, R. D.. Alaska Surface-Water Resource. National Water Summary 1985, Hydrologic events and surface-water resources: US Geological Water-Supply Paper 2300, D. W. Moody, E. B. Chase, and D. A. Aronson, (Compilers), pp. 137-144, 1986.

Lammers, R. B., A. I. Shiklomanov, C. J. Vorosmarty, B. M. Fekete, and B. J. Peterson. Assessment of Contemporary Arctic River Runoff Based on Observational Discharge Records. Journal of Geophysical Research- Atmospheres, in press, 2000.

Rouse, W. R., et al.. Effects of Climate Change on the Freshwaters of Arctic and Sub-Arctic North America. Hydrological Processes, 11(8), 873-902 (June 30), 1997.

Royer, T. C.. Coastal Freshwater Discharge in the Northeast Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research, 87, 2017-2021, 1982.

Shiklomanov, I. A.. On the Effect of Anthropogenic Change in the Global Climate on River Runoff in the Yenisei Basin. Runoff computations for water projects, edited by A. V. Rozhdestvensky, International Hydrological Program, IHP-V, Technical Documents in Hydrology No. 9, UNESCO, Paris, pp. 113-199, 1997.

Shiklomanov, I. A., A. I. Shiklomanov, R. B.Lammers, B. J.Peterson, and C. J.Vorosmarty. The Dynamics of River Water Inflow to the Arctic Ocean. The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean, edited by E. L. Lewis, E. P.Jones, P. Lemke, T. D. Prowse, P. Wadhamns, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, in press, 2000.

Van Blarcum, S. C., J. R. Miller, and G. L. Russell. High-Latitude River Runoff in a Doubled CO 2 Climate. Climatic Change, 30(1), 7-26, 1995.

Walsh, J. E., V. Kattsov, D. Portis, and V. Meleshko. Arctic Precipitation and Evaporation: Model Results and Observational Estimates. Journal of Climate, 11, 72-87, 1998.

US Affiliated Islands

Covich, A. P., T. A. Crowl, S. L. Johnson, and F. N. Scatena. Drought Effects on Pool Morphology and Neotropical Stream Benthos. Proceedings, Third International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology and Water Resources, San Juan, Puerto Rico, July 13-17, 1998, edited by R.I. Segarra-Garcia, American Water Resources Association, Middleburg, VA. 1998.

Larsen, M. C.. Drought, Rainfall, Streamflow, and Water Resources During the 1990s in Puerto Rico. Physical Geography, in press, 2000.

Larsen, M. C., and I. M. Concepcion. Water Budgets of Forested and Agriculturally Developed Watersheds in Puerto Rico. Proceedings, Third International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology and Water Resources, San Juan, Puerto Rico, July 13-17, 1998, edited by R.I. Segarra-Garcia, American Water Resources Association, Middleburg, VA,199-204, 1998.

Meehl, G. A.. Vulnerability of Fresh Water Region. Journal of Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 92, 203-213, 1996.

USGS Hawaii State Fact Sheet. US Geological Survey (USGS), 1996.
(http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/FS/FS-011-96/)

USGS Hawaii Fact Sheet. US Geological Survey (USGS), 1999a.
(http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/FS/FS-012-99/)

USGS Fact Sheet 040-99: Puerto Rico. US Geological Survey (USGS), 1999b.
(http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/FS/FS-040-99/)

Agriculture Sector

Strzepek, K. M., D. C. Major, C. Rosenzweig, A. Iglesias, D. N. Yates, A. Holt, and D. Hillel. New Methods of Modeling Water Availability for Agriculture Under Climate Change: The US Cornbelt. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35, 1639-1655, 1999.

Water Sector.

Anonymous. 1995 Irrigation Survey Reflects Steady Growth. Irrigation Journal, Arlington Heights, IL, 1996.

Brown, T. C.. Past and Future Fresh Water Use in the United States. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-39, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain ResearchStation, Fort Collins, Colorado, 1999.

Chalecki, E. L., and P. H. Gleick. A Framework of Ordered Climate Effects on Water Resources: A Comprehensive Bibliography. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35(6), pp. 1657-1665, 1999. URL: www.pacinst.org/CCBib.html

Climate Change: Impacts on Water Resources. US Department of the Interior, 15 pp., June 30, 1997.

Climate Change and Water Resources. Committee report of the AWWA Public Advisory Forum, Journal of the American Water Works Association, 89(11), 107-110, 1997.

Draft Report of the Water Sector. US National Assessment, 2000. http://www.nacc.usgcrp.gov/sectors/water/draft-report/full-report.html

Felzer, B., and P. Heard. Precipitation Differences Amongst GCMs Used for the US National Assessment. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35(6), pp. 1327-1340.

Frederick, K. D., and P. H. Gleick. Water and Global Climate Change: Potential Impacts on US Water Resources. Pew Center on Global Climate Change, Washington, DC, 1999.

Gleick, P. H., and B. Chalecki. The Impacts of Climatic Changes for Water Resources of the Colorado and Sacramento-San Joaquin River Basins. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35(6), 1429-1441, 1999.

Groisman, P. Ya.. Trends in the Precipitation and Snow Cover Records Across the United States. Proceedings of the AWRA Specialty Conference on Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change to Water Resources of the United States, American Water Resources Association, Herndon, VA, pp. 89-92, 1999.

Groisman, P. Ya., R. W. Knight, and T. R. Karl. Mean Precipitation and High Streamflow in the Contiguous United States: Trends in the Twentieth Century. Bulletin of the American Meteorology Society, in press, 2000.

Jacobs, K. L.. Water Sector Summary Comments for Inclusion in the Synthesis Report. AWRA Specialty Conference on Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change to Water Resources of the United States, Atlanta, GA, May 10-12, 1999.

Karl, T. R., and R. W. Knight. Secular Trends of Precipitation Amount, Frequency, and Intensity in the United States. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79(2), pp. 231-241, 1998.

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Lettenmaier, D. P., E. F. Wood, and J. R. Wallis. Hydro-Climatological Trends in the Continental United States 1948-1988. Journal of Climate, 7, pp. 586-607, 1994.

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